Struktur Pendapatan dan Diversifikasi Sumber Penghidupan Rumah Tangga Petani Melalui Aktivitas On-Farm, Off-Farm dan Non-Farm: Analisis Simpson Index of Diversification
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32520/agribisnis.v15i2.5858Keywords:
diversifikasi pendapatan;, rumah tangga petani;, on-farm;, off-farm;, non-farm;, Simpson Index of DiversificationAbstract
Penelitian ini menganalisis struktur pendapatan rumah tangga petani yang bersumber dari aktivitas on-farm, off-farm, dan non-farm; mengukur tingkat diversifikasi menggunakan Simpson Index of Diversification (SID); serta mengidentifikasi karakteristik sosial-ekonomi yang berhubungan dengan tingkat diversifikasi. Data berasal dari 27 rumah tangga petani di Kecamatan Tuah Madani, Kota Pekanbaru. Pendapatan usahatani jagung dan ubi kayu distandardisasi menjadi basis bulanan (masing-masing 3,5 bulan dan 9 bulan per siklus), sedangkan pendapatan off-farm dan non-farm dicatat dalam basis bulanan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai SID rata-rata sebesar 0,3853 (median 0,4090; standar deviasi 0,1654; rentang 0,0624–0,6543). Sebanyak 51,85% rumah tangga berada pada kategori diversifikasi sedang, dan aktivitas on-farm menjadi sumber dominan bagi 62,96% rumah tangga. Estimasi regresi OLS dengan standard error robust HC3 menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan (β = -0,0185; p = 0,006) dan luas lahan (β = -0,0000475; p = 0,036) berhubungan negatif dan signifikan secara statistik terhadap SID, sedangkan jumlah anggota keluarga tidak signifikan (p = 0,759) dengan nilai R² sebesar 0,4201. Uji ketahanan menggunakan Fractional Response GLM mengonfirmasi konsistensi arah dan signifikansi koefisien tersebut. Temuan pada sampel kecil studi kasus eksploratif ini mengindikasikan bahwa SID yang lebih tinggi tidak otomatis mencerminkan kesejahteraan yang lebih baik: diversifikasi lebih tinggi ditemui pada rumah tangga berpendidikan lebih rendah dan berlahan lebih sempit, sejalan dengan dugaan strategi penyebaran risiko (distress-push), sedangkan pendidikan yang lebih tinggi berkaitan dengan konsentrasi pendapatan pada sektor non-farm. Karena pendapatan total dan guncangan ekonomi tidak dianalisis, interpretasi ini bersifat dugaan dan memerlukan pengujian pada sampel yang lebih besar.
This study analyzes the income structure of farming households derived from on-farm, off-farm, and non-farm activities, measures the degree of livelihood diversification using the Simpson Index of Diversification (SID), and identifies socioeconomic characteristics associated with diversification levels. Empirical data were gathered from 27 smallholder farming households in Tuah Madani District, Pekanbaru City. Farm revenues from corn and cassava were standardized into monthly income based on operational cycles of 3.5 months and 9 months, respectively. The empirical findings reveal an average SID of 0.3853 (median 0.4090; SD 0.1654; range 0.0624–0.6543). Approximately 51.85% of households fall into the moderate diversification category, with on-farm activities serving as the primary income source for 62.96% of households. OLS regression with HC3 robust standard errors indicates that education level (β = -0.0185, p = 0.006) and landholding size (β = -0.0000475, p = 0.036) are significantly and negatively associated with SID, while household size is statistically non-significant (p = 0.759), yielding an R² of 0.4201. Robustness checks via Fractional Response GLM confirm these empirical directions. Findings from this small exploratory case study indicate that a higher SID does not necessarily reflect greater well-being: higher diversification was found among households with lower education and smaller landholdings, which is consistent with, but does not prove, a distress-push coping strategy, whereas higher education was associated with income concentration in non-farm activities. Because total income and economic shocks were not analyzed, this interpretation remains tentative and requires testing with larger samples.
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