Analisis Struktur Pasar Ekspor Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Indonesia di Pasar Dunia

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur pasar CPO Indonesia dengan Malaysia sebagai pesaing utama di pasar dunia. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder untuk produk CPO kode HS 151110, dengan periode analisis 2014–2023 pada lima negara tujuan ekspor utama, yaitu India, Belanda, Italia, Spanyol, dan China. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan metode pangsa pasar (Sij) serta konsentrasi pasar (CRn dan HHI) untuk menentukan karakteristik struktur pasar. Kebaruan penelitian ini pada penggunaan pendekatan komparatif Indonesia dan Malaysia dengan menggabungkan analisis pangsa pasar, CR5, dan HHI pada lima pasar tujuan utama selama periode 2014–2023, sehingga mampu menjelaskan tingkat dominasi, konsentrasi, dan risiko ketergantungan pasar ekspor CPO secara lebih spesifik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa India merupakan pasar dominan bagi ekspor CPO Indonesia dan Malaysia sepanjang periode penelitian. Indonesia memiliki rata-rata pangsa pasar sebesar 64,03% dengan laju pertumbuhan 6,90% per tahun, sedangkan Malaysia memiliki rata-rata pangsa pasar 57,30% dengan pertumbuhan 3,57% per tahun. Di kawasan Eropa (Belanda, Italia, dan Spanyol) pangsa pasar ekspor CPO kedua negara menunjukkan tren fluktuatif namun cenderung menurun. Sementara itu, di pasar China, pangsa pasar ekspor CPO Indonesia dan Malaysia relatif kecil, yaitu kurang dari 0,1% terhadap total ekspor. Nilai rata-rata konsentrasi pasar menunjukkan bahwa struktur pasar CPO Indonesia dan Malaysia sangat terkonsentrasi dengan karakteristik oligopoli ketat, ditunjukkan oleh nilai CR5 Indonesia sebesar 82,50% dan Malaysia 85,46%, serta nilai HHI masing-masing sebesar 4.421,88 dan 3.802,53.

This study aims to analyze the market structure of Indonesian Crude Palm Oil (CPO), with Malaysia as its main competitor in the global market. The method used in this study is a literature review by utilizing secondary data for CPO products under HS code 151110, covering the analysis period of 2014–2023 in five major export destination countries, namely India, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and China. Data analysis was conducted using market share (Sij) and market concentration methods, including Concentration Ratio (CRn) and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), to determine the characteristics of the market structure. The novelty of this study at the use of a comparative approach between Indonesia and Malaysia by combining market share, CR5, and HHI analyses in five major destination markets during the 2014–2023 period, thereby providing a more specific explanation of market dominance, concentration, and the risk of export market dependency in the CPO trade. The results show that India was the dominant market for Indonesian and Malaysian CPO exports throughout the study period. Indonesia had an average market share of 64.03% with an annual growth rate of 6.90%, while Malaysia recorded an average market share of 57.30% with an annual growth rate of 3.57%. In the European markets, namely the Netherlands, Italy, and Spain, the CPO export market shares of both countries showed fluctuating but generally declining trends. Meanwhile, in the Chinese market, the CPO export market shares of Indonesia and Malaysia were relatively small, accounting for less than 0.1% of total exports. The average market concentration values indicate that the CPO market structure of Indonesia and Malaysia is highly concentrated with the characteristics of a tight oligopoly, as shown by Indonesia’s CR5 value of 82.50% and Malaysia’s CR5 value of 85.46%, as well as their respective HHI values of 4,421.88 and 3,802.53.