AL-BAHTS: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik, dan Hukum

Upaya Diplomasi Persuasif dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Wilayah Kashmir antara India dan Pakistan

Arvi Octabiana — 2025-12-04

The Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan has been ongoing since 1947, making it one of the most complex territorial disputes in the world. The situation is exacerbated by colonial legacies, differences in national identity and religion, and the strategic interests of these two nuclear-armed nations. Various attempts at resolution, whether through diplomatic pressure, military action, or the involvement of international entities such as the United Nations (UN), have failed to produce a lasting peaceful resolution. An alternative approach known as persuasive diplomacy has emerged, with the UN playing an important role through the UNMOGIP mission responsible for monitoring ceasefire violations. However, the effectiveness of UNMOGIP has been limited by restricted access, mandate constraints, and a lack of cooperation, particularly from India following the 1972 Simla Agreement. The principle of self-determination through a referendum is often suggested as a peaceful resolution; however, its implementation is hindered by conflicting territorial claims and the domestic political landscape in both countries. The lack of mutual trust, the influence of local factions, and the continued exploitation of the Kashmir issue for domestic political gain further complicate the negotiation process. This study emphasizes that the effectiveness of persuasive diplomacy is significantly influenced by domestic political stability, willingness to compromise, and active support from the international community. Therefore, while persuasive diplomacy holds considerable promise for promoting peace, the existing structural and political obstacles mean that this strategy requires strong commitment from all parties involved, reforms within the international framework, and the adoption of a comprehensive approach that takes into account the historical context, collective identity, and aspirations of the Kashmiri people to achieve a fair resolution.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Kekerasan Seksual Sesama Jenis Dihubungkan dengan Tujuan Pendidikan Pesantren

Ilham Akbar Ramdani — 2025-12-04

Criminal acts of sexual violence occur in educational units that have a religious background, one of which is Pesantren. Ministry of Religion issued Minister of Religion Regulation Number 73 of 2022 concerning the Prevention and Handling of Sexual Violencein Education Units at the Ministry of Religion. These regulations do not guarantee legal protection for victims of sexual violence, because often victims do not receive fair legal protection in accordance with applicable legal regulations. This research aims to determine and analyze the legal responsibility of Pesantren that ignore victims of homosexual violence in Pesantren in relation to legal protection for victims of homosexual violence in Pesantren in relation to the educational goals of Pesantren. The research method used is a normative juridical approach with qualitative methods to produce descriptive-analytical data. This research resulted in the conclusion that the Pesantren neglect of victims of homosexual violence is a violation that can be subject to administrative sanctions. However, the regulations that accommodate legal protection do not explain the mechanism for providing sanctions and categorizing the level of violations, giving rise to legal uncertainty. Legal protection for victims of homosexual violence in Pesantren is related to the educational goals of Pesantren; a) preventing sexual violence through the formation of superior individuals; b) preventing sexual violence by improving the quality of life of the community; c) development of Islamic values rahmatan lil 'alamin; d) the implementation of Pesantren based on national law.

Tindak pidana kekerasan seksual terjadi di Satuan Pendidikan yang memiliki latar belakang keagamaan, yaitu salah satunya adalah Pondok Pesantren. Korban kekerasan seksual menjadi aspek penting yang perlu diperhatikan dalam upaya perlindungan hukum. Dalam upaya perlindungan hukum tersebut Kementerian Agama mengeluarkan Peraturan Menteri Agama Nomor 73 Tahun 2022 Tentang Pencegahan dan Penanganan Kekerasan Seksual di Satuan Pendidikan Pada Kementerian Agama. Namun peraturan tersebut belum menjamin upaya perlindungan hukum terhadap korban kekerasan seksual, karena seringkali korban diperlakukan tidak baik oleh lingkungan sekitarnya termasuk tidak didapatkannya perlindungan hukum yang adil sesuai dengan peraturan hukum yang berlaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pertanggungjawaban hukum terhadap pondok pesantren yang mengabaikan korban kekerasan seksual sesama jenis di Pondok Pesantren dalam kaitannya dengan perlindungan hukum terhadap korban kekerasan seksual sesama jenis di Pondok Pesantren dihubungkan dengan tujuan pendidikan pesantren. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan metode kualitatif untuk menghasilkan data deskriptif-analisis. Penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa pengabaian Pondok Pesantren terhadap korban kekerasan seksual sesama jenis merupakan pelanggaran yang dapat dikenai sanksi administratif. Namun peraturan yang mengakomodir perlindungan hukum tersebut tidak menjelaskan mekanisme pemberian sanksi dan kategorisasi tingkat pelanggaran, sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Perlindungan hukum terhadap korban kekerasan seksual di Pondok Pesantren berkaitan erat dengan tujuan pendidikan pesantren, yakni; a) pencegahan kekerasan seksual melalui pembentukan individu unggul; b) pencegahan kekerasan seksual melalui peningkatan kualitas hidup masyarakat; c) pengembangan nilai Islam rahmatan lil ‘alamin; d) penyelenggaraan Pondok Pesantren berdasarkan hukum nasional.

Pengaruh Personality Behavior dalam Komunikasi Mahasiswa Inhil terhadap Budaya Jawa: Pendekatan Integrasi Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)

Sulaiman Abdul Rasid — 2025-12-04

This study explores the impact of personality traits on the socio-cultural adaptation of Indragiri Hilir students in Ponorogo, using the Big Five Personality Traits and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Data were analyzed with PLS-SEM. Neuroticism has the strongest influence on Attitude Towards Behavior (ƒ² = 0.648), while other traits have minor effects. ATB (ƒ² = 0.205) and Subjective Norms (ƒ² = 0.210) moderately affect socio-cultural behavior changes. The model shows strong predictive ability for ATB (R² = 0.856), moderate for CSB (R² = 0.595), and small for SN (R² = 0.487). The findings emphasize the role of personality in adaptation and recommend cultural exchange programs for student organizations.

Pancasila Sebagai Integritas Ideologi Negara Yang Berkedaulatan

Rahma Yulia Sifa — 2025-12-06

Pancasila consists of two words, namely, "Panca" which means five and, "Sila", which means a principle or principle. From these two words, Pancasila can be interpreted as the five principles, which of course act as the fundamental foundation of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Remaining the basis of the state, Pancasila is of course the foundation of all values, ethics and standards that support life in the eyes of society, nation and state. Pancasila will absolutely regulate and become the direction of the nation's personality, national characteristics and the ideals of this sovereign state. In carrying out its role, Pancasila will contribute to the formation of the character and morals of every individual who is an Indonesian citizen. For this reason, Pancasila has an important role as a belief system or foundation of the state, as well as a philosophy of honor for a sovereign state, namely the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This research will discuss the functions, roles and challenges in maintaining Pancasila as the basis of state thought and ideology as well as maintaining the trustworthiness of state ideology within the framework of a sovereign state.